Subarctic native american tribes

The Huron were a relatively tight alliance of perhaps 20,000–30,000 people who lived in rather dense settlements between Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence River, an area thus known as Huronia.This was the northern limit at which agriculture was possible, and the Huron grew corn (maize) to eat and to trade to their Subarctic Indian neighbours—the …

Subarctic native american tribes. Still, with closures occurring more often and lasting longer, tribes are experiencing decreased access to their traditional harvest areas and are not able to harvest when needed for subsistence, ceremonial, and economic use. “We just don’t have access to our shellfish,” said Patsy Wilson, a commercial fisherwoman from the Lummi Tribe.

Welcome to the Subarctic! Between the frigid Arctic North and the milder deciduous southern regions lies the beautiful Subarctic, where native North American archaeology thrives. The Subarctic region of Native North America is geographically located south of the Arctic region, entirely north of the U.S. Canadian border, stretching almost entirely east …

1a. Diversity of Native American Groups. The structures Native Americans called home were extremely varied and often exclusive to tribe or region. These "apartment" style dwellings were the work of Natives of the Southwest. Since 1492, European explorers and settlers have tended to ignore the vast diversity of the people who had previously ... The Native American groups of the Arctic and Subarctic consist of two major genetic and linguistic populations – the Northern Athapaskan Indians and the Eskimo. In Alaska and Canada, the Eskimo are generally coastal people who are believed to have entered North America some 9,000 years ago.Eastern Woodlands Indians, aboriginal peoples of North America whose traditional territories were east of the Mississippi River and south of the subarctic boreal forests. The Eastern Woodlands Indians are treated in a number of articles. For the traditional cultural patterns and contemporary lives.Native American Experiences in the Twenty-First Century. Food Sovereignty. Elizabeth Hoover. ... Subarctic: Accommodation and Resistance since 1970. Collin Scott, William E. Simeone, ... Iroquoian Tribes of the Virginia-North Carolina Coastal Plain. Douglas W. Boyce. Pages 282-289,Mar 26, 2001 · idea of driving Indians farther west, President Andrew Jackson forcibly marched Southeastern tribes from the deep South to "permanent Indian territory" in Oklahoma. Often referred to as "The Trail of Tears", thousands of Native Americans died. The Subarctic I ATOP^_] The peoples native to the Subarctic region include : [Eastern half] the Cree, The cultural identity of a society may be profoundly linked to an individual tree species, as in the case of the Pewenche people of southern South America, whose …became available to Native people and altered their ways of life. Read: When Europeans, Asians, and Eurasians arrived in the Arctic and Subarctic in the past, their presence impacted Native people’s culture and their basic way of life in many ways. Today, these changes seem to be happening even more rapidly. New technologies and the

Also in the late nineteenth century, several gold rushes occurred in the western Subarctic and a large number of non-Indians entered the region. This had a considerable impact on both environment and the Indians, many of whom worked as laborers. Disease also devastated Native populations, although isolated groups were somewhat protected.The "Great Basin" is a cultural classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas and a cultural region located between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, in what is now Nevada, and parts of Oregon, California, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. The Great Basin region at the time of European contact was ~400,000 sq mi (1,000,000 km 2 ). [1] Sub-Arctic Tribes Location: Most of present-day Canada and most of Interior, Western and South Central Alaska >>Long cold winters with heavy snowfall. >>Northern Forest of evergreen pine and fir trees, a few deciduous trees like birch and willows. >>Numerous lakes and rivers The Subarctic regions of the Americas are located south of the true Arctic. This region includes the interior of Alaska ...Without them, the society becomes extinct. In most Native American societies, children belonged to the clan of their mothers. Some Native American societies were bilateral, and children belonged to the kin groups of both their mother and father, much as the United States and Canada today. A very few Native American societies were patrilineal.The Michigan State Government recognizes four Native American tribes. State recognition builds relationships between tribal and state governments but does not automatically confer federal benefits to tribes. This section of the guide links to the official websites of Michigan’s state-recognized tribes.The rest of the people did little and lived off the others; consequently, they enjoyed so little respect that they had a hard time finding spouses. American Subarctic peoples - Nomadic, Hunting, Lodges: In pursuit of a livelihood, families and local bands shifted their location as the seasons changed. In northwest Canada, groups scattered in ... Americas covers native peoples from the past and present. Readers will learn about early civilizations, languages, religions, arts, and cultures of the indigenous peoples of the United …... Native American cultures by placing each nation or tribe within its geographical, cultural, and historical context.<P>The highly readable chapters of ...

Native Voices Native Peoples' Concepts of Health and Illness. National Library of Medicine. ... Arctic REGION: Southeast THEME: Federal-Tribal Relations REGION: Subarctic REGION: …They are Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic and Northeastern Woodlands. According to the U.S. census, Ojibwe people are one of the largest tribal populations among Native American peoples in the United States. In Canada, they are the second-largest First Nations population, surpassed only by the Cree. The Huron were a relatively tight alliance of perhaps 20,000–30,000 people who lived in rather dense settlements between Hudson Bay and the St. Lawrence River, an area thus known as Huronia.This was the northern limit at which agriculture was possible, and the Huron grew corn (maize) to eat and to trade to their Subarctic Indian neighbours—the …24 Agu 2016 ... Like Steward 80 years earlier, Ives believes that the unique style of moccasin comes from a subarctic ... Native American tribes in Utah today – ...

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Approximately 28.2% of American Indians are living below the federal poverty line. One quarter of Native American children live in poverty, compared to 13% in the United States. Native American teens graduate high school at a rate 17% lower than the national average while substance-abuse rates are higher.The Native American groups of the Arctic and Subarctic consist of two major genetic and linguistic populations—the Northern Athapaskan Indians and the Eskimo. In Alaska and Canada, the Eskimo are generally coastal people who are believed to have entered North America some 9,000 years ago.Northeast Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples living roughly between the taiga, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi River at the time of European contact, including speakers of Algonquian, Iroquois, and Siouan languages. The most elaborate of the political organizations was the Iroquois Confederacy.There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of A. muscaria among two Subarctic Native American tribes. Ojibwa ethnobotanist Keewaydinoquay Peschel reported its use among her people, where it was known as miskwedo (an abbreviation of the name oshtimisk wajashkwedo (= "red-top mushroom")).

Eastern Woodlands Indians, aboriginal peoples of North America whose traditional territories were east of the Mississippi River and south of the subarctic boreal forests. The Eastern Woodlands Indians are treated in a number of articles. For the traditional cultural patterns and contemporary lives.vision quest, supernatural experience in which an individual seeks to interact with a guardian spirit, usually an anthropomorphized animal, to obtain advice or protection.Vision quests were most typically found among the native peoples of North and South America.. The specific techniques for attaining visions varied from tribe to tribe, as did the age at …They consumed salmon, whales, seals, caribou (and the partially digested greens in their stomachs), moose, squirrels, walrus, narwhals, shellfish, birds, berries, bears, wolverines, foxes. seals, polar bears, narwhal and beluga whales, cod and other Arctic fish, ptarigans, owls, guillmot eggs, and walruses. Although they ate mainly meats ...Various Indigenous nations call the Plains their traditional territory, such as the Siksika , Piikani, Kainai, Dakota , Stoney Nakoda, Cree, Assiniboine and Tsuut’ina. Before epidemics in the early 1800s drastically reduced the population, Plains Indigenous people in what is now Canada numbered an estimated 33,000.They consumed salmon, whales, seals, caribou (and the partially digested greens in their stomachs), moose, squirrels, walrus, narwhals, shellfish, birds, berries, bears, wolverines, foxes. seals, polar bears, narwhal and beluga whales, cod and other Arctic fish, ptarigans, owls, guillmot eggs, and walruses. Although they ate mainly meats ... Wigwams (or wetus) are Native American houses used by Algonquian Indians in the woodland regions. Wigwam is the word for "house" in the Abenaki tribe, and wetu is the word for "house" in the Wampanoag tribe. Sometimes they are also known as birchbark houses. Wigwams are small houses, usually 8-10 feet tall.became available to Native people and altered their ways of life. Read: When Europeans, Asians, and Eurasians arrived in the Arctic and Subarctic in the past, their presence impacted Native people’s culture and their basic way of life in many ways. Today, these changes seem to be happening even more rapidly. New technologies and theWithout them, the society becomes extinct. In most Native American societies, children belonged to the clan of their mothers. Some Native American societies were bilateral, and children belonged to the kin groups of both their mother and father, much as the United States and Canada today. A very few Native American societies were patrilineal.

Native Voices Native Peoples' Concepts of Health and Illness. National Library of Medicine. ... Arctic REGION: Southeast THEME: Federal-Tribal Relations REGION: Subarctic REGION: …

Subarctic (93) · Great Basin ... Contemporary Native peoples from many nations teach that they originated in their traditional lands. ... 1775. Smallpox strikes again in North America. As the …idea of driving Indians farther west, President Andrew Jackson forcibly marched Southeastern tribes from the deep South to "permanent Indian territory" in Oklahoma. Often referred to as "The Trail of Tears", thousands of Native Americans died. The Subarctic I ATOP^_] The peoples native to the Subarctic region include : [Eastern half] the Cree,Mar 26, 2001 · idea of driving Indians farther west, President Andrew Jackson forcibly marched Southeastern tribes from the deep South to "permanent Indian territory" in Oklahoma. Often referred to as "The Trail of Tears", thousands of Native Americans died. The Subarctic I ATOP^_] The peoples native to the Subarctic region include : [Eastern half] the Cree, Slavey. Slavey (also Awokanak, Slave, Deh Gah Got'ine or Deh Cho) are a major group of Athapaskan-speaking (or Dene) people living in the boreal forest region of the western Canadian Subarctic. Although there is no equivalent in Dene languages, the term has been adopted by many Dene as a collective term of self-designation when …Subarctic Native American tribes can be found in regions such as Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories. History. The Subarctic region is believed to have been inhabited by indigenous people for over 10,000 years. The region was initially home to hunter-gatherer societies before the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century.After 1870 the tribes were forced onto reservations or into small groups on the edges of Euro-American settlements; their land base was reduced to a small fraction of its former size. This forced the abandonment of most aboriginal subsistence patterns in favour of agriculture and ranching, in those areas where land remained in native hands, or in …Welcome to the Subarctic! Between the frigid Arctic North and the milder deciduous southern regions lies the beautiful Subarctic, where native North American archaeology thrives. The Subarctic region of Native North America is geographically located south of the Arctic region, entirely north of the U.S. Canadian border, stretching almost entirely east …The Subarctic People used different kinds of houses, but all were small, easy to set up and take down, and move from place to place. Most Dene people lived in either plains-type tipis- skin tents supported by whalebones- or lean-tos of brush. Double Lean-tos covered in hide and brush were used. Lean-tos were free-standing beams of wood or whale ... The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, ... Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742; FS Library book 970.1 H191h v.6. Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast ...

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A short V-tailed summer slipover caribou skin tunic was worn by the Pacific Athapascans, and was decorated with dyed porcupine quills, dentalium and beads made from seeds. Sometimes leggings with moccasins were attached to the slipover. Subarctic people tended to wear lighter clothing and whenever they stopped, to keep warm, they’d build a fire.The term “berdache” refers to a war trophy, such as a scalp, taken by warriors of some Native American tribes. ... Subarctic involved. highly flexible, mobile ...Iroquoian-speaking tribes included the group of peoples together known as the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) —the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. Other Iroquois speakers of the Northeast included the Wendat (Huron) and Susquehannock. The Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) people spoke a Siouan language. The Eastern Woodlands is a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America. The Eastern Woodlands extended roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern Great Plains, and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico, which is now part of the Eastern United States and Canada. [1] The Plains Indians culture area is to the west; the ... In this video I'll briefly talk about a subarctic Native American tribe, the Innu. Enjoyed the horrible video? Hit like and subscribe 😉 Sources:Fay, A. (20...The Michigan State Government recognizes four Native American tribes. State recognition builds relationships between tribal and state governments but does not automatically confer federal benefits to tribes. This section of the guide links to the official websites of Michigan’s state-recognized tribes.In this video I'll briefly talk about a subarctic Native American tribe, the Innu. Enjoyed the horrible video? Hit like and subscribe 😉 Sources:Fay, A. (20...Arctic - Eurasian, Subarctic, Peoples: In northern Eurasia there is no division corresponding to that in northern North America between the exclusively tundra- and coastal-dwelling Yupiit, Unangan (Aleut), and Inuit and the Native American groups that dwell partially or wholly within the taiga, or boreal forest. With the exception of the inhabitants of the coastal regions around the Bering ...Ute chief Severo and his family 1899 Shoshone Indian and his horse. The Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin are Native Americans of the northern Great Basin, Snake River Plain, and upper Colorado River basin. The "Great Basin" is a cultural classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas and a cultural region located between the Rocky …Published Online September 9, 2012. Last Edited May 18, 2021. Cree are the most populous and widely distributed Indigenous peoples in Canada. Other words the Cree use to describe themselves include nehiyawak, nihithaw, nehinaw and ininiw. Cree First Nations occupy territory in the Subarctic region from Alberta to Quebec , as well as portions of ...Great Basin Indians Cultural Group. Great Basin Indians - Lifestyle (Way of Living) The Great Basin (or desert) groups lived in desert regions and lived on nuts, seeds, roots, cactus, insects and small game animals and birds. These tribes were influenced by Plains tribes, and by 1800 some had adopted the Great Plains culture. ….

Native American Tribes. Interest Level: Grades 9-12. Guided Reading Level: Z. Lexile Level: 1270. ISBN: 9781615307135 (E-book). Copyright: ©2012. Pages: 152 ...Sep 19, 2012 · Last Edited March 4, 2015. The term “Subarctic Indigenous peoples ” describes a number of different ethnic and linguistic groups, including the Dene, Cree, Ojibwe, Atikamekw, Innu and Beothuk . The Subarctic region consists largely of a five million square kilometre zone of boreal forest extending from the arctic tundra south to the ... R2-1 Food — Native American Art Teacher Resources. Survival in the Arctic required a profound understanding of the natural world. Arctic cultures developed ingenious and complex technologies for every aspect of life in one of the coldest regions on earth. Indigenous communities practiced a semi-nomadic lifestyle, following animals on their ...The Native American groups of the Arctic and Subarctic consist of two major genetic and linguistic populations—the Northern Athapaskan Indians and the Eskimo. In Alaska and Canada, the Eskimo are generally coastal people who are believed to have entered North America some 9,000 years ago.Can you name the Indian tribes native to America? Most non-natives can name the Apache, the Navajo and the Cheyenne. But of all the Native American tribes, the Cherokee is perhaps the best known. Here are 10 things to know about this ‘natio...At the time of Canada's colonization by the French and English, there were two major divisions of Cree; both were typical American Subarctic peoples.Traditionally, the Woodland Cree (Sakâwiyiniwak), also called Swampy Cree (Maskêkowiyiniwak), relied for subsistence on hunting, fowling, fishing, and collecting wild plant foods. They preferred hunting larger game such as caribou, moose, bear ...Approximately 28.2% of American Indians are living below the federal poverty line. One quarter of Native American children live in poverty, compared to 13% in the United States. Native American teens graduate high school at a rate 17% lower than the national average while substance-abuse rates are higher.The Native American tribes of North America are incredibly diverse, with over 500 distinct groups. These tribes have inhabited the continent for thousands of years and …The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Subarctic. Quizzes; Events; Quiz Creation; Community; Videos; Private Events; Remove Ads Sign In; ... Native American Tribes 100%. TLINGIT. SubArctic. Native American Tribes 95%. DWC DWD DFC DFD. Subarctic . Find the Climates of Asia and Europe 78%.23 Agu 2017 ... ... subarctic climates, and well over 10,000 years of human history. This ... North America and this region. Recently, many Denbigh Paleo-Eskimos ... Subarctic native american tribes, Map of sub-arctic regions Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic are the aboriginal peoples who live in the Subarctic regions of the Americas, Asia and Europe, located south of the true Arctic . This region includes the interior of Alaska , the Western Subarctic or western Canadian Shield and Mackenzie River drainage area, the Eastern Subarctic or ... , Heavier-duty boots called mukluks were the invention of the Inuit (Eskimos) , who made them of sealskin, fur, and reindeer hide; some subarctic Indian tribes adapted the mukluk style of boots through trade or other contact with the Inuit, using caribou or buckskin instead of sealskin. Native American moccasin design has stood the test of time ..., Northwest Coast Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples inhabiting a narrow belt of Pacific coastland and offshore islands from the southern border of Alaska to northwestern California. Learn more about the history and culture of the Northwest Coast Indians in this article. , Native People of the Arctic and Subarctic. Native People of the Arctic and Subarctic. ... Encyclopedia Of American Indian History And Culture (AD) Buy the book. Legal ..., Northeast Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples living roughly between the taiga, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi River at the time of European contact, including speakers of Algonquian, Iroquois, and Siouan languages. The most elaborate of the political organizations was the Iroquois Confederacy., The Blackfeet Tribe is a Native American tribe located in the Northwestern United States. They are one of the largest tribes in the United States and have a rich and vibrant culture. This guide will provide an overview of the Blackfeet Trib..., Inupiat – An Alaska native Inuit tribe also known as “Eskimos” that live in the northwest Arctic and Bering Straits region of Alaska. Yupik – An Alaska native tribe that are related to the Inuit people, and are also known as “Eskimos.”. The Yupik who live along the Western coast of Alaska. Kalaallit – An Inuit tribe of Greenland., Mar 26, 2001 · idea of driving Indians farther west, President Andrew Jackson forcibly marched Southeastern tribes from the deep South to "permanent Indian territory" in Oklahoma. Often referred to as "The Trail of Tears", thousands of Native Americans died. The Subarctic I ATOP^_] The peoples native to the Subarctic region include : [Eastern half] the Cree, , 18 Feb 2022 ... ... sub-Arctic, the Pacific Northwest, California, the Southwest, the Great ... Native American Indian tribes. The volumes cover U.S. Government ..., Approximately 28.2% of American Indians are living below the federal poverty line. One quarter of Native American children live in poverty, compared to 13% in the United States. Native American teens graduate high school at a rate 17% lower than the national average while substance-abuse rates are higher., The Subarctic is the region just below the Arctic. The subsoil or ground below the surface is permanently frozen. The top layer of this permafrost becomes spongy and dense during the spring and summer, when grasses, shrubs, mosses, lichen, and a few trees cover the land. The Subarctic, too, has long, cold winters and short, mild summers., Other articles where Subarctic Culture Area is discussed: Native American: The Subarctic: This region lies south of the Arctic and encompasses most of present-day Alaska and most of Canada, excluding the Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), which are part of the Northeast culture area. The topography is …, 1953: Congress seeks to abolish tribes, relocate American Indians. Congress passes a resolution beginning a federal policy of termination, through which American Indian tribes will be disbanded and their land sold. A companion policy of “relocation” moves Indians off reservations and into urban areas. Through these policies, the Bureau of ..., The "Great Basin" is a cultural classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas and a cultural region located between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, in what is now Nevada, and parts of Oregon, California, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. The Great Basin region at the time of European contact was ~400,000 sq mi (1,000,000 km 2 ). [1] , Arctic and Subarctic Regions. The region encircling the North Pole is called the Arctic Circle, an invisible circle of latitude (imaginary line around the Earth parallel to the equator) at 66°33' North.The arctic region sits inside the Arctic Circle and the subarctic region lies just below it. Earth's arctic and subarctic regions are extremely cold, icy areas of land …, Americas covers native peoples from the past and present. Readers will learn about early civilizations, languages, religions, arts, and cultures of the indigenous peoples of the United …, Two powerful Southwest tribes were the exception: the Navajo (NA-vuh-hoh) and the Apache (uh-PA-chee). These people moved into the region from the Arctic between the 1200s and 1500s. They were hunters who followed their game across a wide territory and who often raided the other tribes in the area for food. People have been living in the …, Summary: A large-scale genetic study of native North Americans offers new insights into the migration of a small group of Athapaskan natives from their subarctic home in northwest North America to ..., ISBN: 9781575729268 - Heinemann - 2000 - Condition: New - New. In shrink wrap. Looks like an interesting title! 0.78 - SUBARCTIC INDIANS (NATIVE AMERIC., A review of Native American tribes in North America between 1491-1607 (Period 1), addressing Key Concept 1.1 from the AP US History (APUSH) Concept Outline., Native American - Tribes, Culture, History: The Great Basin culture area is centred in the intermontane deserts of present-day Nevada and includes adjacent areas in California, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. It is so named because the surrounding mountains create a bowl-like landscape that prevented water from flowing out of the region. The most common ..., The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people in what is currently southern Canada, the northern Midwestern United States, and Northern Plains. They are Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic and Northeastern Woodlands . According to the U.S. census, Ojibwe people are one of the largest tribal populations among Native ..., Native American Tribes List. Native American Tribes Poster, available at Legends’ General Store. Go to: Featured articles on American Indian Tribes., Great Basin Indians Cultural Group. Great Basin Indians - Lifestyle (Way of Living) The Great Basin (or desert) groups lived in desert regions and lived on nuts, seeds, roots, cactus, insects and small game animals and birds. These tribes were influenced by Plains tribes, and by 1800 some had adopted the Great Plains culture., The Subarctic People used different kinds of houses, but all were small, easy to set up and take down, and move from place to place. Most Dene people lived in either plains-type tipis- skin tents supported by whalebones- or lean-tos of brush. Double Lean-tos covered in hide and brush were used. Lean-tos were free-standing beams of wood or whale ..., First Nations is not the preferred term in the United States, more common is the use of Native Americans or American Indian. However, there are 562 federally recognized First Nation tribes in the ..., • The Dena’ina (pronounced deh-NY-nah) people kept track of their age by wearing a string around their waist with a knot tied for each day. • Some tribes, like the Cree, created snowshoes made of..., Indian Tribes and Languages of the Subarctic Subarctic Culture Area. This is an index to the Native American language and cultural information on our website pertaining to Subarctic Indian tribes. Tribes of the Subarctic Culture Group Ahtna Tribe Babine-Wet'suwet'en Tribe Beaver Tribe Beothuk Tribe, The marker of 1491 serves as a division between the Native American world and the world that came after European exploration, colonization, and invasion. In 1491, both North and South America were inhabited by flourishing and highly complex civilizations. In particular, North America was home to hundreds of tribes, cities, and societies., The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people in what is currently southern Canada, the northern Midwestern United States, and Northern Plains.They are Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic and Northeastern Woodlands.. According to the U.S. census, Ojibwe people are one of the largest tribal populations among Native American …, They consumed salmon, whales, seals, caribou (and the partially digested greens in their stomachs), moose, squirrels, walrus, narwhals, shellfish, birds, berries, bears, wolverines, foxes. seals, polar bears, narwhal and beluga whales, cod and other Arctic fish, ptarigans, owls, guillmot eggs, and walruses. Although they ate mainly meats ..., 20 Nov 2009 ... hunting tribes of Subarctic Canada, in. North American Indians in Historical. Perspective, ed. by E.B Leacock & N.O.. Lurie, eds., 343‐374 (New ..., The Eastern Woodlands is a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America. The Eastern Woodlands extended roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern Great Plains, and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico, which is now part of the Eastern United States and Canada. [1] The Plains Indians culture area is to the west; the ...